Mariner$506329$ - перевод на голландский
![James Webb]] is standing directly behind the Mariner model.}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kennedy Receives Mariner 2 Model.jpg?width=200 "James Webb]] is standing directly behind the Mariner model.}}")
![Statue of Robinson Crusoe at [[Alexander Selkirk]]'s birthplace of [[Lower Largo]] by [[Thomas Stuart Burnett]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alexander Selkirk Statue.jpg?width=200 "Statue of Robinson Crusoe at [[Alexander Selkirk]]'s birthplace of [[Lower Largo]] by [[Thomas Stuart Burnett]]")
![Joseph Ribas]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Robinson Crusoe's route across the Pyrenees mountains.jpg?width=200 "Joseph Ribas]]")
![Friday]] after he frees him from the cannibals](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday Offterdinger.jpg?width=200 "Friday]] after he frees him from the cannibals")
![Robinson Crusoe bookstore on [[İstiklal Avenue]], [[Istanbul]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Robinson crusoe bookstore.JPG?width=200 "Robinson Crusoe bookstore on [[İstiklal Avenue]], [[Istanbul]]")
![Plaque in [[Queen's Gardens, Hull]], showing him on his island](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SFEC HULL CRUSOE1.JPG?width=200 "Plaque in [[Queen's Gardens, Hull]], showing him on his island")
Определение
Википедия
The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations.
The program included a number of interplanetary firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Of the 10 vehicles in the Mariner series, seven were successful, forming the starting point for many subsequent NASA/JPL space probe programs. The planned Mariner Jupiter-Saturn vehicles were adapted into the Voyager program, while the Viking program orbiters were enlarged versions of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Later Mariner-based spacecraft include Galileo and Magellan, while the second-generation Mariner Mark II series evolved into the Cassini–Huygens probe.
The total cost of the Mariner program was approximately $554 million.
